Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nursing Essay

Social and Behavioral Sciences for Nursing - Essay Example Different fitting auxiliary sources will be utilized to decipher these encounters from social and conduct science perspective. At age 18, John had been conceded into a mental medical clinic threefold. At first, he encountered absence of rest and was befuddled holding jumpy convictions and some pretentious. He saw natural faces in the essences of outsiders causing undercover work qualities. This caused John to accept that he was at risk for losing his free and unconstrained reasoning capacity. As per the mother, John showed poor focus yet was high in strain, dread and cautiousness which Mueser and Jeste (2008), similarly as his specialist, credit to psychosomatic chest torments. On account of the historical backdrop of psychosis in the family, the therapist effortlessly analyzed schizophrenia in John. John’s mother reviewed how the news was broken to them with the sign that their child would be under medicine for an amazing remainder damaging them. These were John’s spec ial manifestations of a mental issue as every patient encounters exceptional side effects and as such have remarkable methods of adapting to the equivalent (ed. Steel 2013). In the UK, Weinberger and Harrison (eds. 2011) record somewhere in the range of 0.2% and 1% of individuals encountering comparable issues related with schizophrenia at a specific time. These individuals possess 8% of the medical clinic beds in Canada. The US has a significantly higher pervasiveness of the turmoil remaining at 1.2% of the absolute populace, with the worldwide information being considerably higher. Curiously, one out of a hundred people would be determined to have schizophrenia in the course of their life with determination regular in early adulthood at ages 18 to 25 for guys and 25 to 30 and again at around 40 for females. The centrality of commonness of this issue calls attention to at the significance of understanding the viewpoint of the patient in order to have the option to give a more custo mer focussed methodology in conveying human services to the network. For this situation, John’s life venture illuminates a proper account to comprehend his ailment from mental, sociological and social points of view. Social Perspective John was naturally introduced to a poor family living in the downtown with the mother having four youngsters each with various obscure dads. This monetary thought gives a connection among destitution and schizophrenia in light of the fact that in a perfect world, schizophrenia, similarly the same number of other dysfunctional behaviors, influences individuals from poor foundations more than those from the more prosperous territories. Clinard and Meier (2008) utilize the seclusion hypothesis to clarify this marvel taking note of that destitution joined with social segregation would probably trigger psychosis among helpless people. Supporting this hypothesis is Aneshensel and Phelan (eds. 2006) who hypothesize that social procedures and courses o f action structure the premise of understanding the causes and outcomes of psychological sickness. Truth be told, the tag of being intellectually sick qualifies as a social change in itself. John being a youngster from a poor family in this way clarifies his condition; a financial condition which was exacerbated by the costs that emerged from the consideration that John required. Subsequent to investing extensive energy in the mental clinic, John was coordinated back to the general public in order to help him have a typical existence. This people group care strategy has profited John a lot as it helped him welcome himself as some other human. All things considered, the network couldn't generally grasp John back typically. Their point of view of the

In what ways does Shakespeare make Duncan’s death dramatic? Essay

â€Å"Macbeth† is a disaster loaded up with trickery, insidiousness and aspiration. Anyway what makes this play so extraordinary is the manner by which Shakespeare unfurls the show to us. In the play â€Å"Macbeth†, Shakespeare makes the passing of Duncan sensational from numerous points of view. A manner by which Shakespeare makes Duncan’s demise show up so sensational is by the way that his â€Å"loyal and trusted servant† is the one to execute him. This feeling of incongruity elevates the show as from the portrayal of Macbeth, he would be the last individual to expect this from. Macbeth is the saint of the play just as being the scalawag and it is this double job causes the play to appear to be so sensational. Shakespeare includes a bend into the play by causing Macbeth to give off an impression of being something which he isn't. He is first introduced to us as a faithful hireling to the lord and to Scotland. This is reflected by Duncan’s thankful remarks, for example, â€Å"more is thy due than beyond what all can pay† and the standout â€Å"o worthiest cousin.† We are informed that because of his chivalrous demonstrations in the war zone, he will supplant the Thane of Cawdor, who has been misleading, and deceived Duncan. This discloses to us that Duncan has just been sold out previously. Macbeth is gallant and admires Duncan, to whom he sees it his obligation to ensure and respect. We discover that Duncan himself isn't a contender himself as he is unconscious of what fierce things have occurred on the front line since he says, â€Å"What bleeding man is that? He can report, as seemeth by his plight† (Act 1, Scene 2, line 1) This reveals to us Duncan is the kind of King who remains in his stronghold and leaves the warriors do the battling. There has been a common war in Scotland, which shows to us that Duncan’s sovereignty is being questioned, subsequently the purpose behind the Thane of Cawdor double-crossing him and in this manner turning into a trickster. We are likewise made mindful of the focal issue of the chain of Beings and the Divine Right of Kings. The request is God, King, Nobles lastly conventional individuals. The King sees himself, as does every other person, as God’s delegate on Earth, and executing him is by a wide margin more awful than slaughtering a standard individual. In the event that the chain is ever broken mayhem is said to break out and along these lines Shakespeare makes Duncan’s passing emotional as by executing him, Macbeth will cause disorder since he is in reality killing somebody who has been picked by God. Duncan is the King of Scotland. As of late there has been political turmoil, and there has been an endeavor to topple him. He is introduced to us as a strict, honest and na㠯⠿â ½ve man. Duncan is viewed as na㠯⠿â ½ve. He says, â€Å"There’s no craftsmanship to discover the mind’s development in the face†. (Act 1, Scene 4, line 11-12) This similitude shows to us that he is a na㠯⠿â ½ve man. He is blameless to such an extent that creates the impression that it will be simple for Macbeth to exploit him. Here he guarantees that one cannot judge by taking a gander at somebody what they are thinking. As he accepts this, he makes no endeavor to see through individuals. This makes us question his judgment as he had assembled â€Å"absolute trust† on a man that had sold out him. This additionally makes the crowd wonder whether he will be hoodwinked again by the man that will take The Thane of Cawdor’s position and subsequently add to the feeling of dramatization by giving the crowd a feeling of interest. Macbeth is in an issue whether he ought to or ought not slaughter the ruler. This is completely uncovered in Macbeth’s monologue where he talks alone to the crowd, uncovering his inward most contemplations. This is a sensational manner by which Shakespeare tells us what the characters are truly thinking. In this discourse Shakespeare makes a feeling of calamity by the language with which he provides for Macbeth. He perceives that he ought not do the â€Å"deed† when he expresses that as the â€Å"Host† † he ought to against his killer shut the entryway not tolerate the blade myself.† This wonderful language causes us to understand that Macbeth is touchy and includes a feeling of dramatization as it makes us progressively mindful that what he is doing is incredibly off-base. The substantial sounding d of â€Å"deep damnation† sticks in the crowds ears as Macbeth is touchy as demonstrated by the graceful language. â€Å"Hath been so clear in his extraordinary office, that his ideals will argue like heavenly attendants, trumpet-tongu’d, against the profound perdition of his taking-off† (Act 1, Scene 7, line 18-20) The symbolism of holy messengers advising paradise and voices like trumpets to shout out against the deed, which isn't what he needs, thus he in the long run chooses not to do it. This makes Duncan’s passing emotional in light of the fact that it is such an immense choice to make and there is a ‘twist and turn’ in him settling on his choice, and the way that Duncan is connected with strict symbolism as blessed messengers. Shows the effect of the passing high lighting that â€Å"every eye† will be influenced strengthening what an adored man Duncan is Act Two opens significantly with dimness encompassing the stage and the crowd in anticipation concerning whether Macbeth will submit â€Å"the appalling deed.† Nonetheless, before the finish of the scene, Macbeth chooses to murder Duncan, in the wake of being convinced by his better half. Woman Macbeth has desire for him. She needs him to be the best and has consistently needed this for her significant other, and is resolved that he satisfies his desire. She convinces him and discloses to him her arrangement. All Macbeth needs to do is placed it without hesitation. This leaves the ball in Macbeth’s court. Everything is set up for him, and all that is left for him to do is submit the homicide, which additionally adds to the dramatization. Woman Macbeth likewise includes show as she stands by ground floor trusting that Macbeth will answer to her after he has killed Duncan. This leaves us in anticipation about whether he will follow his own will or that of his better half, and we are kept in tension. Not long before murdering Duncan, there is another discourse. Macbeth envisions that there is a knife before him, which is directing him towards executing Duncan. He is prepared to slaughter, and he is in a terrible state. All the underhanded things are meeting up, and he is breaking the request. In doing this, he is conflicting with the Divine Right of Kings, and is conflicting with the entire world. There is haziness and Macbeth doesn't need the entire world to perceive how underhanded he is. At the point when the ringer rings, that is where he continues to kill Duncan, who by and by has neglected to guess ‘the thoughts development in the face.’ We are not indicated the executing and along these lines it shows up progressively sensational as we are left to envision for ourselves. Subsequent to murdering Duncan, Shakespeare makes things progressively emotional and this is appeared by the language that Shakespeare provides for Macbeth to pass on his feeling of blame. He tells his significant other, â€Å"One cried ‘God favor us!’ and ‘Amen’ the other, as they had seen me with these executioner hands, list’ning their dread, I was unable to state ‘Amen’ when they said ‘God Bless us’.† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 29-32) Macbeth can't supplicate, and this is appeared to us when Macbeth is fixated on his failure to state â€Å"Amen†, as he realizes that he has been seen with his bleeding hands subsequent to killing Duncan. He is heart blasted as he battles to state â€Å"Amen†. Macbeth presently feels cut off totally from God, and there is not, at this point a connection among himself and God and in light of the fact that God has seen all that he has done, he can never go to him again, and ask. Macbeth additionally feels frequented by a voice saying that he has killed and will never rest again, â€Å"Me thought I heard a voice cry, ‘sleep no more: Macbeth murders sleep† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 37-39) Presently Macbeth thinks he hears a voice that is disclosing to him that he will never rest again. This makes Duncan’s passing so emotional, not due to the manner in which Macbeth murdered him, yet the results experiencing Macbeth’s head subsequently. In addition to the fact that macbeth can't supplicate, yet now he can't rest too. Additionally the way that Macbeth feels that not so much as a whole sea can disavow the deed, proposes a condition of all out condemnation. He says, â€Å"Will all incredible Neptune’s sea wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the endless oceans incardine, making the green one red† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 63-64) Macbeth feels that not so much as a whole sea can evacuate the blame and wash the blood from his hands, and rather the endless masses of water will turn dark red, in light of the fact that there is such a large amount of it, and the green ocean a red ocean. Macbeth’s blame is communicated through the picture of blood, and he accepts regardless of what he does or where he goes, the blame will consistently be there with him. Macbeth at last concedes how extraordinary the wrongdoing he has submitted is, the point at which he says, â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy thumping! I would thou couldst† (Act 2, Scene 2, line 77) Macbeth wishes he could go back in time. He wishes that the second when he dove the blade into Duncan’s tissue never occurred, and that he could cause it to vanish. He says that on the off chance that it were conceivable to breath life into Duncan back he would. This seals Macbeth’s wretchedness, and causes the demise to appear to be significantly increasingly emotional in light of the fact that the killer himself is hopeless and laments slaughtering Duncan.

Personal Goal Statement Samples Essay Sample

Personal Goal Statement Samples Essay SampleNursing school personal goal statement samples can help you create a statement that sets you apart from the crowd. It's critical to have a unique personal statement that you can use in the admissions office to convey how you intend to impact the lives of the people you will be caring for once you graduate. So, in order to keep up with the latest trends in education, you need to know what is the most important aspect of your statement that is making an impression on the admissions committee?One of the best ways to come up with a statement is to take advantage of nursing school personal goal statement samples. You can get samples in many different formats that have already been produced and tested for publication. Your statement could be different than the average because you are using a personal statement sample that was developed by a professional.They have taken the work out of developing your personal statement. Their focus is on how your writing fits into a full curriculum that you will encounter throughout your time as a nurse. Writing a truly exceptional statement should reflect the totality of your curriculum requirements, which means they will be closely reviewing your statement along with your other essays that you write.Writing your statement requires careful attention to detail, but it's not nearly as difficult as it might seem. If you do not like having to write directly to the committee, then you should also learn about sample essays that have already been created for you. This is a critical part of your application, and it must be written from the heart.Once you do write your letter of intent, they will want to know how you met the person in the story and how it shaped your relationship. When you write your personal statement, be sure to discuss what has occurred since you wrote it so they can see how your life has evolved since that first meeting. You also have to address how it all came about, even if i t was a surprise to you.This is one of the biggest concerns for those who have written essays for the admissions committee before. It is easy to fall into the trap of writing the same type of essay over again. You should make sure that it is something new that reflects your personality.It is your goal as a writer to come up with a topic or a theme for your personal statement. But this can be difficult for some students to achieve. The best way to succeed is to study your own essay, so look at a sample to get ideas and choose your topic wisely.Just because you are applying to nursing school does not mean that you have to write the same type of essay as everyone else. There are great samples available online that will teach you to write a truly impressive essay. You might even find it to be one of the best decisions you have ever made!

Religion and Bioethics Physician Assisted Suicide, a...

The article I read examined the link between bioethics and religion in regards to Physician-Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia. Specifically, it made an obvious point of defining the distinction between killing and letting one die. In addition, it focused on the link between Faith and Reason, the development of tradition throughout history, modern statements on this ethical dilemma, and then drew conclusions based upon these analyses. These are all significant points to consider when attempting to determine the morality of physician-assisted suicide/euthanasia. In order to fully understand the â€Å"euthanasia debate,† it is crucial to look at our two main theoretical camps: deontological or â€Å"Kantian† ethics, and teleological or â€Å"utilitarian†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦That is, that everyone affected is to be considered equally. This feature alone makes it possible for actions to be declared moral based upon their consequences without taking motives into question. The best way to illustrate this key difference between deontological and teleological theories is by examining Philippa Foot’s trolley problem. Overall, this illustration attempts to clarify under what circumstances it would be morally just for one person to violate the rights of another for the purpose of benefiting the group. In doing so it helps one essentially justify harming someone in order to benefit the group/larger number of persons. It is able to do this by assigning equal utility to those involved. In doing so, this shows the practical nature of Utilitarianism, and how it is â€Å"content heavy† – making very evident the right way to make decisions. Inevitably, the opposing side to this argument (deontologists) refute this way of thinking by arguing that it could very easily lead us to â€Å"repugnant conclusions;† which in theory could be used to justify almost any action if the consequences of the situation worked out just right. This idea could be applied effectively to both act utilitarianism (an act is right if it results in as much good as any available alternative) and rule utilitarianism (an act is right if it is required by a rule that is itself a member of a set ofShow MoreRelatedMedical Ethics: an Inclusice History2719 Words   |  11 Pagesfirst ethical thinking in medicine, but Islamic and Muslim traditions have left their footprints in Medical and Bioethics since before the medieval and early modern period. The first piece of literature ever dedicated to the field of medical ethics was written in the 9th Century by Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi and was titled Adab al-Tabib or Conduct of a Physician. Ali Rahawi reff ered to physicians as guardians of the soul and body. One of the features in medieval Muslim medicine that separated their practicesRead MorePhysician-Assisted Suicide and the Significance of the Kantian View2520 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Physician-Assisted Suicide: Significance of the Kantian View Thanks to modern developments in medical technology, people in advanced countries today live longer and stay healthy until they are relatively older. The technology, however, also allows some people to hasten their death and make it relatively pain-free. As a result, many patients suffering from unbearable pain of certain incurable illnesses from time to time ask their physicians to help them commit suicide. Any physician who is askedRead More The Terri Schindler-Schiavo Case Essay5755 Words   |  24 Pageshighlights the tension that medical technological advances have created between the health care community and faith communities. While science and religion have not always been dialogical partners, the need for the two to engage in meaningful discourse is epitomized in our modern technology-driven society. Regardless of our opinions concerning religion or science independently, the two have irreversibly intersected and must be engaged. For those traveling the highways of science and the long roadRead MoreStages of Life6505 Words   |  27 PagesPaper Adult Development Psychotherapy I believe that adult development theory is not sufficiently emphasized in our psychology and counseling training schools. This is unfortunate, because I believe it offers a unique and helpful perspective to the task of psychotherapy. Because I wish to offer to my prospective patients some idea of the importance of this topic, and how it informs my clinical practice, I offer below a synopsis of the theory and its development. In a most fundamentalRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesmight be when a physician does not follow accepted procedures and fails to account for surgical instruments used during a procedure. As a result, he leaves a metal clamp behind in the patient’s body and predictably, complications ensue that require additional surgical procedures. | | | | | Intentional Tort | Donnetta Shelton | 3/3/2013 12:34:57 PM | | | One of the most common intentional torts is battery. How this occurs in healthcare and becomes a problem is when religion is involved

Negatives Of Violent Video Games - 1358 Words

Negatives of Violent Video Games Enemies coming in from your left, a building collapses in front of you, but you plunge ahead. A bomb goes off behind you, taking thousands of innocent lives. You hear a bullet whiz past your head and out of the corner of your eye you see bright red blood seeping out of your ear. But you ignore it; you have to keep going if you want to win this battle. Sounds graphic, right? No one would want their child experiencing this. So then why are so many parents allowing their children to play video games with similar scenarios in them? As implied by the National Coalition Against Censorship, ever since the first arcade game was released in 1971, there have been many problems pertaining to the ferocity within them. Video games, especially those that are violent, should not be played by minors because they have an overall negative effect. Adolescents become infatuated with the content, get persuaded to do reckless things, and their cognitive senses become temporarily wrecked. Children in the world today are being given an enormous variety of choices for their life, and though there should be a balance between work and play, violent video games give kids an easy addiction and upset that equilibrium. In the article To Play or Not to Play: The Great Debate About Video Games, author Chai Woodham states that â€Å"[†¦] there are no negative consequences for bad behavior. Players are rewarded for violence with points, reaching a higher level or obtaining moreShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games1895 Words   |  8 PagesHow can violence within a video game benefit the player and what differences within other types of video games demonstrated to have beneficial factors? Introduction Today, entertainment surrounds people through their televisions, computers, phones and video games. Essentially, video games developed into several various genres causing today’s entertainment to crave an unique experience. But, violent video games, regarded as a controversial genre, causes more negative controversy within modernRead MoreThe Negative Impacts Of Violent Video Games1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe negative impacts that are associated with violent gaming are a growing list. These many negative effects could build up into a more serious situation, with all of the possible outcomes of these side-effects mixing together it could quite possibly take a turn for the worse. The use of violent video games could cause players to participate in criminal violence, because of the increased levels of aggression and rage. NBC News reported of a gory incident in January of 2013, which involved NehemiahRead MoreNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games1869 Words   |  8 Page sphones and video games. Essentially, video games developed into several various genres causing today’s entertainment to crave a unique experience. But, violent video games, regarded as a controversial genre, causes more negative controversy within modern society due to its glorified scenes of blood, killing, sexual context, and language than its counterparts. Not only does this minimize their favorable factors, but additionally, it generates a believable correlation between violent video games and aggressiveRead MoreNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games796 Words   |  4 Pagesparticular, playing video games has become an increasingly popular pastime for adolescents. According to the American Psychological Association, 97% of American adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 play video games (Scutti). However, there are many controversies surrounding the idea of playing video games. In today’s market, video games often contain violent themes, such as killing or s tealing. This would include many shooting games, strategic games, and role-playing games. It is a popular beliefRead MoreNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games1045 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Violent video games in particular are extremely popular in the United States. Many of these games are designed for adults but wind up in the hands of children. We have to ask ourselves what impact violent video games have on the adolescent brain. Two lawyers debate in the Case of Brown vs. Entertainment Merchants Association, US Supreme Court (2010). Prosecutor Steven F. Gruel argues that there is a substantial amount of evidence to make the conclusion that violent video games cause adolescentsRead MoreViolent Video Games Have Negative Effects904 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games Have Negative Effects For years gaming industries have been aiming towards entertaining people of all ages, especially children and adolescents. However, the definition of entertainment has changed drastically, from playing dodge ball outside to watching and playing video games in which people pretend to annihilate each other. Video game violence attracts and addicts young players, by affecting their behavior, and their development of social skills, to even affect their abilityRead MoreNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games712 Words   |  3 PagesHave you heard? Many people are debating whether or not Violent Video Games cause kids to be aggressive and violent. While others, like myself agree violent video games aren’t the problem of violence, real-life violence is. And therefore, you should to why, because Violent Video games allow kids especially boys to let out anger and relax themselves from emotions. It also helps entertain kids. And creates less real-world aggression. Kids already know the difference between virtual and reality byRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Violent Video Games Essays1274 Words   |  6 Pagespositive effects also come negative effects, which are seen on a grand scale. Advancement in warfare has caused numerous deaths, medicine has advanced to the point where ethical questions arise because of cloning and stem cell research, the education of society in addition with the advancement in technology have allowed these negative advancements to be achieved. This being said, it can be proven that advancements come with positive and negative effects. The video games of twenty-five years agoRead MoreEssay on The Negative Effects of Violent Video Games1892 Words   |  8 Pages Video games have been a rapidly expanding industry since their inception in the 1970s. Along with their growth have come concerns about violent video games and their effects on aggression and violence in young people. The many school shootings have pushed this issue to the forefront, since the two shooters were avid players of video games. These events brought about the question: do violent video games induce aggression in youth? That’s the question I set out to answer by looking at researchRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of The Violent Video Game Call Of Duty866 Words   |  4 PagesThe violent video game Call of Duty, has a negative impact on society because people become obsessed with playing it which increases a person’s aggression levels. Violent video games become a distraction and deprive people of living a normal life because they become consumed in the game. Teenagers are affected the most because as they grow up it produces an emotional desensitization to a ggression and violence. Call of Duty along with many other games effect people and warp their version of reality

Are Humans Good or Evil by Nature - 1521 Words

A famous philosopher Socrates once said, the unexamined life is not worth living. With that idea, the question Are Human Beings Intrinsically Evil? has been asked by philosophers for many years. It is known as one of the unanswerable questions. Determinists have come to the conclusion that we are governed by the laws of science, that there is nothing we can do about ourselves being evil because we naturally are. Evil is simply the act of causing pain. In this essay I will argue that human beings are born with a natural reaction to fear and chaos to be instinctively evil. The primary evidence that people are generally evil is evident by the number of wars. Most countries have experienced their share of wars. World War One was the†¦show more content†¦In William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies which describes horrific exploits of a group of young boys who make a transition from civilized to barbaric. Golding believes that there is an evil seed inside all of us and given the right circumstances, human beings are capable of anything. The boys evil was described in his novel once they were left in an unsupervised society it became very chaotic. In a part of his novel, Golding describes the boys fear of a beast. With that fear, one night a boy that was away from the group came back and was killed. The boys thought that he was the beast coming from the bushes. Golding has given us an example that people do not have to learn to be evil but are born with the natural reaction to become evil once afraid or in a chaos. Another piece of literature that demonstrates peoples evil is Shakespeares Macbeth. The story is that witches told Macbeth that he would become king, with temptation to become king, the fear in becoming king, and the confusion caused by the witches evil became possible. With the help of his wife, he killed the people who stood in his was to become king. Literature has shown that it is possible for human beings in extremely confusing situations and with fear can be become evil. Philosophers and scientists have also tried to understand why human nature is evil, many believe that evil in human nature is uncontrollable.Show MoreRelatedHuman Nature : Good Or Evil1053 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Nature: Good or Evil All ideologies, including some economic ideologies, produce theories of human nature in order to establish fundamental human rights and to establish a more productive form of government. Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics of humans, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting; it is the moral principles that construct certain standards of behavior, which every person is entitled to simply because they are a human being. Many philosophers such asRead More Human Nature: Good Or Evil? Essay906 Words   |  4 Pages Human Nature: Good or Evil? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many things can be said about the gallons of blood, miles of entrails and seemingly endless array of bones, muscles and other fascinating odds and ends that we call our human bodies. For instance, as you break down the body into different categories each part can be examined endlessly. Such can be said about a very intricate part of the body. This is the most important part and without it the rest of the body would have no directRead MoreHuman Nature: Good or Evil? Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesFor centuries many philosophers, as well as most individuals, have pondered on the question what is good and what is evil. More-so philosophers of all ages have also stumbled upon a more in depth question which is if the intuitive knowledge of mans nature is good, or if it is evil. Many have claimed to have an answer to these puzzling questions yet most of their answers were found to be incomplete and inadequate at a later date. Religion also tried to provide a solution but to my understanding onlyRead MoreHuman Nature - Are Humans Naturally Good or Evil?1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way humans perceive things, which is part of the intricacy of mankind. During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. (Hobbes) Hobbes states that Humans are naturally evil and need a powerful government to control them. Is it true? Rousseau thinks otherwise. In reasoning on the principles he (Thomas Hobbes) lays down, he ought to have said that the state of nature, beingRead MoreCastle 1. The Dual (Good And Evil) Sides Of Human Nature.1066 Words   |  5 PagesCastle 1 The Dual (Good and Evil) Sides of Human Nature ENGL 102: Composition and Literature Spring B 2017 Teresa Castle, L26467226 APA Castle 2 Outline THESIS: In their individual short stories Young Goodman Brown,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Rocking-Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence are more different than similar but â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† use the setting, characterization, and symbolism to depict the reasoning of acting morally or immorally. I. The settingsRead MoreAre Humans Born Evil : Augustine And Hs?ï ¿ ½n Tzu1267 Words   |  6 Pageswhile most things do change, human nature is not one of them. Throughout his piece, Confessions, he describes to the reader how humans are born evil, and cannot change until they have the capacity to do so. Through reading this autobiography and Hsà ¼n Tzu’s piece, Man’s Nature Is Evil, as well as Mencius’s piece, Man’s Nature Is Good, it seems that Augustine agrees more with Hsà ¼n Tzu than Mencius. They both agreed on the ideas that all humans are born evil, they remain evil through adolescence, and eventuallyRead MoreThe Chinese Concept Of Yin And The Dark Knight Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesChinese concept of Yin and Yang shows how opposite dualities are interconnected and mutually dependant in the natural world. Take the coexistence of good and evil, for example, and you will find that within us all is the source of each.Having the potential to b e both good and evil is part of our human nature. As humans we cannot be perfect, because inherent evil is something that will always be part of humanity. Throughout time, a variety of texts and film have been able to give us the greatest insightRead MoreMencius And Xunzis View Of Human Nature Is Evil868 Words   |  4 Pagesview that human nature (xing) is good, while Xunzi is known for his view that human nature (xing) is evil. This paper will demonstrate the substantive differences between Mencius’ and Xunzi’s ethical thinking that are conveyed through these two slogan-like statements, while also considering the implications of such differences for other aspects of their different views like the self-cultivation process. This paper will begin by explaining Mencius’ reasoning for why our human nature is good followedRead MoreHuman Nature : The Characteristics That Identify People1436 Words   |  6 PagesHuman nature refers to the characteristics that ident ify people. In this case, it involves thoughts, feelings, and behavior that are manifested by individuals and independent of culture. Furthermore, human nature is important when it comes to politics, ethics, and religious perspectives of a particular group of people. This is due to the fact that it presents both positive and negative norms that aid to shape or destroy the society. Moreover, the study of human nature is boosted by the findings ofRead MoreEssay about The Nature of Evil1552 Words   |  7 PagesEvil is the violation of a moral code. Evil is the dualistic opposite of good. Evil causes harm. While scattered dictionaries may offer these clear-cut definitions, in reality a theme so prevalent in all spheres of life from the dawn of man takes on limitless forms. The word itself has come to symbolize the dividing line between regular people and callous monsters; demonic criminals who show no sign of compassion and no adherence to virtue. Ideas concerning evil have been stru ng along through the

Constructions License Verb Frames †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Constructions License Verb Frames. Answer: Introduction: This essay has discussed the grammatical, morphological and lexeme errors made in the given text. Here the writer has used ample of exaggerative words which do not really have any implication in the meaning of the sentence. The pattern of writing is quite satisfying because the writer has introduced different information for this particular argument. However, in this text there has been a lot of mistake in the sentence structures. There are some morphological mistakes where the writer has not used proper form of a lexeme with proper prefix or suffix. In most of the cases the writer has used compound sentence with different types of linkers but not all of those conjunctions have appropriateness in their usage. Present tense is the most observed tense in this text but the writer has used incorrect voice often. The use of words by the writer captures his weak vocabulary hence he has used same words a twice in one sentence. From the beginning of the paragraph the writer has used present tense. The entire piece is dominated by the excessive use of present tense which is often incorrect (Rochemont, 2014). In the first line, the writer has talked about nuclear power which is in singular form. The word nuclear power is a proper noun but at the end the writer has made use of common noun sources which needed to be in singular. On the other hand, if the writer wanted to demonstrate that the nuclear power is an example of cheap energy source, he must have used different verb instead of provides because this particular verb does not have any connection with amplification of a noun. In the second line, the use of word, sometimes is inappropriate as it is not matching the real phenomena of energy misbalance on the earth. Instead of sometimes, the writer may have used in the near future; or one day to denote the intensity of the situation. The vocabulary of the writer seems to be poor or he does not have much knowledge about the difference between the natural components of energy or the sources of energy. This writer has termed oil and gas to be the sources of energy but these actually are components of energy production. In academic writing, the writers are not allowed to use etc. because it is not an acceptable word while writing an argumentative text. Instead of using etc. the writer would have used and so forth or and others of the same kind. In the topic sentence where the writer has stated that he will be discussing the arguments to support nuclear power, he has missed a very essential preposition. After the word favour, there has to be a preposition of without which the sentence has no meaning. In the next line the writer has used a passive voice where the structure is completely different from what he has written. Grammatically, in a passive voice, the subject is followed by a be or an auxiliary verb such as am or is or are in present which can be changed according to the required change (Sweet, 2014). Here the subject is the nuclear energy and the tense is used in present. This is the reason why the phrase nuclear energy should be followed by verb is. After the auxiliary verb, there has to be a verb in its past participle form. According to this rule, the word provides will be provided. Finally, the conjunction by should be replaced with, with as chemical materials are non-living agents (Frodesen, 2018). In the next sentence the writer has used a comparative degree but the sentence seems to be incomplete. The writer in this sentence has perfectly used the degree with proper preposition than but has missed out the word sources at the end. In the following sentence, there is a need of punctuation after the word power. There must be a comma as this portion has served as a phrase. The complete sentence is full of syntax errors as well as grammatical mistakes. The word it is a singular subject which needs a singular verb which means the verb right after it needs to carry -s or -es (Burns Borg, 2015). Therefore, the verb involve should carry an s with it. The subject it, itself is confusing in this sentence because it is not clear whether the writer has tried to denote nuclear energy or other sources through it. The phrase some expert people is an example of pleonasm where the writer has used too many words to express one response. In the same sentence, the writer has used the word where which does not have any meaning. Here the linker is wrongly put and meaningless unless added with as. In this sentence the writer has made a confusing remark with the use of the word energy because here he must have used the phrase from other sources after energy in order to complete the meaning. After the word energy there need to be a punctuation especially a comma otherwise the sentence seems to be baffling to the readers. In the same sentence the writer has used one singular noun with another plural one such as worker, machineries (Larsen-Freeman, 2015). The worker here has a singular connotation which is not at all appropriate. The next sentence has started with And which is a linker or conjunction an cannot be used in the beginning of the sentence. The next sentence is in passive voice and in same way the writer has not used the correct format or structure of sentence (Collins Hollo, 2016). First of all, the word wellprotected is a hyphenated word. Secondly, this word is in past participle which is exactly required in a passive voice but the nest verb that the writer has used, monitor needs to in part perfect form as well. The sentence, That is why there is less possibilities, seems to be incomplete. There is no hint of possibilities as the writer did not have mentioned any type of possibilities in his previous sentence. Hence the readers must be confused thinking which the possibilities are that the writer has talked about. On the other hand, the writer has used is in one hand and used plural noun as possibilities. Here this is should be are or the writer can use singular noun if necessary (Palmer, 2014) . As it is an argumentative piece, and the writer is arguing on the support of nuclear power, he cannot support weapon for maintaining peace in the world because threat is not a mechanism used in maintaining world peace. In this same sentence, there is a typographical error where the writer has used the word the twice. Moreover, according to English grammar, before, U.K and U.S.A, there must be an article the. This has two specific reasons. Firstly, the countries which consist the words states, republic, kingdom, federation with their names, article the is used (Michaelis, 2015).Secondly, thecountries like the United Kingdom and the United States of America carry the definite article the because they are compound nouns with adjectives. The bracketed word warhead has special meaning that denotes, warhead is the explosives or the toxic materials which are delivered by a rocket, missile or torpedo but the writer has used this term as an adjective of countries. In the next line, there is an error associated with subject-verb agreement. Usually, the words like every, each, one, everybody, another are singular subjects hence all of these subjects carry singular verb (Larsen-Freeman, 2015). This is the reason, the phrase, each country will be preceded by the verb does not do. In this context the writer has wanted to convey the message that those countries which he has mentioned as warhead do not threat other countries weak in nuclear power. The use of the word give is another example of pleonasm and it is another wrongly placed word. The last country must have a pluralistic effect so that the idea of the writer can be read by the readers clearly. The next sentence has been started with because which is a completely wrong format. In this particular sentence the writer has tried to use a complex sentence. Moreover, it has demonstrated a conditional aspect where the powerful countries may create problem then other countries will not remain silent and the situation will be devastating. In order to convey this message, the writer has used a hypothetical present and predicted a probable and problematic future. For constructing a conditional sentence, he has used if and then perfectly but the writer has mistaken in putting the singular verb after a singular subject. He has used the verb disturb, whereas it will be disturbs. Secondly, according to the rules of grammar, the word, one should be followed by another as the word each is followed by other. Another is a singular word hence cannot have a plural use. Towards the end of this sentence, the writer has used the preposition from which is hampering the meaning of the sentence. Wrong use of preposition changes the meaning hence from will be replaced with for. Again the next sentence has been begun with a conjunction by the writer. The word So has five types of usage. It can be an adviser, conjunction, pronoun, adjective and interjection. Among all these, in case of interjection only, so can be used in the beginning of the sentence. For example, Solook whos here! For other parts of speech, it must be used in the middle of a sentence or used as a linker in a complex or compound sentence (Collins Hollo, 2016). In the same sentence, the write has used a compound adjective well-balanced but it is not hyphenated. This sentence is a compound sentence where the focus of the first pronoun is not clear. By using it, the writer did not clearly denote the noun instead of which, he used this particular pronoun. The first clause is in passive therefore the second one should also be in passive. This is because a compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. Each of these clauses has equal status thus provides equally important information. Therefore, the entire clause after the linker and should be in passi ve voice. world peace is a specific thing, hence need to be preceded by a specific article. The word peace in the same line seems to be repetitive which clearly reveals that the writer has a weak vocabulary. As a counter argument, the writer has supported the fact that the nuclear technology often creates problem. Here the author again has used a subordinating adverb though in the beginning of the sentence. Here the writer has tried to use a passive voice but the syntax of this sentence is wrong. He has used two linkers in one sentence and used the word sometimes more than once. In the initial part of the sentence, the writer has used a plural subject followed by are but again used a singular verb creates. Bother the words sometimes and creates have no need in this sentence. Towards the second part, he has used the pronoun it should have been followed by a singular verb, carrying -s or es (Frodesen, 2018). In this same sentence, the writer has made a typographical error where is should be replaced by a preposition in. At the last part of this sentence, where the writer has mentioned about the medical and engineering sectors, the common noun field must have been in plural form because it is denoting two categories. The next sentence the writer has a reflective form and used same subject back to back. After the word filed there has to be a comma. The phrase we can say is an example of pleonasm because this phrase here has no such import use. However, after the word say, the writer is explaining the reason therefore, he must have used that. That again can be used in five ways but here this particular word will be used to introduce a clause that is the subject or object of a verb (Frodesen, 2018). In the next sentence, there will be a comma after the word hand and one after the word engineering. In this particular sentence, the writer has used a lot of short phrases but missed the needed and appropriate punctuations. Here these commas are used to define the introductory phrases hence there will be again a comma after the power. The word engineers is a name of specific profession hence should be preceded by the. Morphological error can be seen in the word operate. According to the English grammar r ules, the verb can be used as nouns. Here the word operate has been used as an example of a name of a verb thus a noun. Hence this verb will carry a suffix -ing and will follow the rules of gerund. Gerundsare formed by adding -ing to the verb but they are actually verb formsused asnouns. The word instead is a conjunctive adverb which denotes a sense of alternative between the words preceding and following. In this sentence, the writer has not talked about any alternative rater he could have introduced a verb, for example, instead of using electricity. In the final sentence, there will be that after the word say. In the initial part, the writer has used a plural form after the word some but towards the end, he has used plural after some. Therefore, it can be stated that by removing these mistakes and learning about them more intensely the writer of this piece will be able to know subtle rules of linguistics which will make his writings more effective and acceptable to his readers. Despite the fact that there are a great number of syntax errors and grammatical mistakes, these can be easily avoided if checked after writing. References: Burns, A., Borg, S. (2015). INTEGRATING GRAMMAR IN ADULT TESOL CLASSROOMS.Teaching and Learning English Grammar: Research Findings and Future Directions, 159. Collins, P., Hollo, C. (2016).English grammar: An introduction. Palgrave. Frodesen, J. (2018). Discourse Grammar.The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. Larsen-Freeman, D. (2015). Research into practice: Grammar learning and teaching.Language Teaching,48(2), 263-280. Michaelis, L. A. (2015). Constructions License Verb Frames. InPerspectives on Complementation(pp. 7-33). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Palmer, F. R. (2014).The english verb. Routledge. Rochemont, M. (2014).A Theory of Stylistic Rules in English (RLE Linguistics A: General Linguistics). Routledge. Sweet, H. (2014).A new English grammar(Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.

The Poetry Of E. E. Cummings Essays (1534 words) - Othello, Iago

The Poetry of E. E. Cummings [emailprotected] (Drake Callahan) In the dictionary morality is defined as, the degree of conformity of an idea or practice to moral principles. This basically is refering to the way each character feels about his/her actions. It shows if they posses morals. The morality of each individual in the story Othello is different in many ways. Shakespeare has made characters that have low morals, and characters that have high morals. In Othello he even has a character that on the outside acts as if he has high morals, but to himself he knows that he is only acting on a lie so in truth he has low morals. The minor characters in the play are used to bring out or uncover the morals of each of the main characters. The main characters in the story are Othello, Desdamona, Cassio and Iago. Each of them show their morality in different ways. Some openly express their morals while others tend to hide it and keep it to themselves. The minor characters of the play Othello, who are Emilia, Roderigo, and Bianca Shakespeare does a wonderful job expressing the general theme of morality in itself. Some authors even believe that the entire play is carried on morality alone. In the play some of the characters attempt to be virtuous by doing what they think is right. In truth though they dont know that they are really being deceived behind their backs and instead of being virtuous they are the total opposite and fail at their attempt. After reading this play I can understand more of how a person can use morality in a story to help emphasize a characters personality. To better understand the morality that exists in the characters of this play you may look at childrens fables to see how characters may be deceiving. In doing this it is easier to understand what Shakespeare is trying to accomplish in Othello. One of the more easier characters to understand is Desdamona. In the play she is wed to Othello. Throughout the entire play the morality of her character does not change once. She is what you might call a pure woman. This can be seen when she says to Emilia, Dost thou in conscience think, tell me, Emilia,/That there be women do abuse their husbands,/In such gross kind.(IV.iii.59-61). In this question that Desdamona asks Emilia she cannot believe of what shes being accussed because in her mind with the morals that she believes in, cheating on your husband can never be done. This is a complete shock to her. What Shakespeare has done is made it seem like she was brought up in a good enviorment so that she has strong morals, hence high morality. This is probably the only character in the story Othello who keeps strong moral beliefs throughout the play. Her morality can also be viewed as a cause for her death at the end of the play. If her morals wouldnt of been so high she perhaps could have lied to get her way out of being murdered. Instead she would not break and because of morality a character is killed. The character that has to help Desdamona get through all the probems she faces is a minor character named Emilia. When ever Desdamona is troubled or confused about something, her servant, who in this story is more of a friend, is the one who helps out Desdamona and explain to her whats going on. This minor character has some truly major affects. By saying to Desdamona: Marry, I,/ would not do such a thing for a joint ring, nor measures of lawn, nor,/ for gowns petticoats, nor caps,nor any petty exhibition; but for the whole,/ world, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a monarch?,/ I should venture purgatory fort,(IV.iii.69-73). This is how she shows to Desdamona how immoral acts are created and thats how the world works. The character in Othello who is truly immoral is Iago. But to someone who did not really know what was going on in the story it could be very confusing. On the outside Iago acts like he has high morality and he is helping everyone out with their problems by

In the Time of the Butterflies Essays

In the Time of the Butterflies Essays In the Time of the Butterflies Essay In the Time of the Butterflies Essay In the Time of the Butterflies, Patria, as a child, accepts Trujillo, but sees God as the only god present. Yet as the novel progresses, similarities between the two are shown, especially with the use of their power. Even though this confuses Patria, a new faith in motherhood forms controlling both of Patriots faiths. Julia Olivarez shows that despite how Patria treats God and Trujillo in the different manner to protect her hillier, Patria views them as having the same power. Throughout the novel, Patria watches how her children are killed and saved by Trujillo and God, revealing their similarities. When Patriots son is released from Jail, she realizes the similarities. She says But I know a godly voice when I hear one. I heard Him alright, and he was calling my name (226). By hearing God through Trujillo, it shows that it was God as much as Trujillo for helping Patria. Both of their power is not only able to choose life or death for a person, but what happens within fife, shown with this example. This is also seen, when Patria is on a pilgrimage with the rest of her family, she hears Virgin Mary, which shows signs of both God and Trujillo. Virgin Mary says Here, Patria Mercedes, Im here, all around you. Eve already more than appeared (59). This reflexes Trujillo and God, as they use their power to be everywhere. Trujillo uses the SIMI to spy on everything, making sure that nobody Is rebelling against him. God Is assumed to be everywhere and Is able to watch everyone. Since they are everywhere, Patria Is angry at both at them for not stopping all the deaths that have occurred. Patria deals with her anger with Trujillo by trying to make deals with him Instead of trying to fight for what she wants. When her son was In Jail, she prayed to Trujillo, showing she felt powerless. She said, l dont know how It started, but pretty soon, I was praying to him, not because he was worthy or anything Like that. I wanted something from him, and prayer was the only way I knew to ask (202). This shows Patriots weakness towards Trujillo. She Is unable to challenge Trujillo as she thinks that her son will be killed because of It. Patria makes a deal with Trujillo Instead because she Is not afraid to die for her children. God, on the other hand, Is treated by Patria the opposite of Trujillo. Patria Is able to challenge God, but Is unable to make a deal with God. I looked up challenging Him. And the two faces merged (53). Im not going to sit back and watch my babies die, Lord, even If thats what you In your great wisdom decide (162). In the Time of the Butterflies By midfielders 9 be everywhere. Trujillo uses the SIMI to spy on everything, making sure that nobody is rebelling against him. God is assumed to be everywhere and is able to watch everyone. Since they are everywhere, Patria is angry at both at them for not stopping Patria deals with her anger with Trujillo by trying to make deals with him instead of trying to fight for what she wants. When her son was in Jail, she prayed to Trujillo, showing she felt powerless. She said, l dont know how it started, but pretty soon, I was praying to him, not because he was worthy or anything like that. I wanted Patriots weakness towards Trujillo. She is unable to challenge Trujillo as she thinks that her son will be killed because of it. Patria makes a deal with Trujillo instead because she is not afraid to die for her children. God, on the other hand, is treated by Patria the opposite of Trujillo. Patria is able to challenge God, but is unable to make a deal with God. l looked up challenging Him. And the two faces merged (53). Im not going to sit back and watch my babies die, Lord, even if thats what you in

How does buying a cup of coffee from Starbucks affect the environment Dissertation - 2

How does buying a cup of coffee from Starbucks affect the environment - Dissertation Example Starbuck’s, use of non –recyclable cups of synthetic nature can pollute the planet greatly and can cause irreversible damage to it. Starbucks being a huge food chain have captured the coffee market globally by taking on the increased demand of coffee lovers. They also maintain their good will by means of powerful advertisement they display in the international business arena. This coffee chain have spread over much part of the globe and have influenced people many people in buying their product , as it is assured to be the best and perfect in the market. This coffee chain has attempted to take action to make it products eco – friendly, but was not successful in its efforts. Seven stores of Starbucks in Manhattan have launched a cup-recycling program in collaboration with Global Green USA’s Coalition for Recovery in an effort to reduce the usage of non – recyclable in their coffee chains (Mohan ,2009). Much of the countries on global level, are facin g natural adversities because of the extreme exploitation and pollution of the nature. Even though the governments and legislations of various developed and developing countries create strategies and plans to implement environmental protection, less can be seen in action.

No topic required Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

No topic required - Assignment Example (0.5pt) c) List the three most fatal volcanic hazards and give a short (one line or less) description of each (1.5pts) (3.5pts total) c. (1) pyroclastic flows – high speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas that move down the sides of the volcano during explosive eruptions. (2) Lava flows – molten rocks that flow out of the volcanic vent. (3) Tsunamis – a long period seismic generated by a sudden displacement of water. 3) a) What are the three Vs that a volcanic eruption depends on? b) What is the difference between magma and lava? c) Increasing magma’s viscosity increases or decreases its explosiveness? d) As sea floor spreads, new magma from the asthenosphere gets to the surface and drifts apart. Where does this type of process occur? (2 pts.; 0.5 each) 6) Earth Watch (March 26, 2012): An earthquake rocked the southwestern states of Mexico. a) What was the magnitude of this earthquake? (0.5 pts) b) Earth movements were felt in Indonesia as well with earthquakes of magnitude 6.2. Using the tables in book chapter 5, approximately how much less energy did this earthquake release compared to the one felt in Mexico? (1 pt.) c) New Zealand’s North Island also felt some movement with earthquakes of magnitude 4.7. Approximately, how much less energy did this earthquake release compared to the one in Mexico? (1pt) (2.5pts total) 7) Google Earth: Download the KMZ file titled Yellowstone from the class website and open the file in Google Earth. The names of the three most recent Yellowstone eruptions are labeled in blue with their ages (Ma is short for millions of years ago) and the extent of the ash fall from each eruption is diagramed by the three different red colors. a) What are the names of the three eruptions? How long ago was each eruption? (3pts) Using the Fly to option search for UCSD and locate it with respect to the Modern Yellowstone Caldera Rim. As in Homework 1, use the ruler tool to find

Particular social system Essay Example for Free

Particular social system Essay Ethics is the discipline that deals with the good and the bad as well as with the moral duty and responsibility of an individual. It can also be defined as the study of the choices made by individuals as regards right and wrong (Marie, 2005). Ethics is mainly concerned with the philosophy that results in a particular behavior. Ethics are of different types, and they differ in terms of their application in different contexts. Ethics state the working of a particular social system. They point towards the utilization of morality. At birth, as indicated by Be The Dream (2009), everyone is practically a blank slate. The period of infancy is characterized by total emptiness. The only skill an infant is equipped with is crying in order to attract the attention of the other people. Infants are contented with just lying watching the world revolve around them until they need something. However, as life progresses, individuals develop values in accordance with what they have previously learned or gone through (Be The Dream, 2009). The main intent of developing ethics is to set up the capacity to come up with rational judgment and ethical decisions. The whole process of personal ethics development is continuous and goes on through out life (Marie, 2005). Personal ethics, morals and values go hand in hand. Values are beneficial aspects learned from childhood, either as a result of interaction with the environment or from parents. Morals are the inherent beliefs that develop from the values system of the way an individual should react in a particular situation (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Ethics, on the other hand, are characterized by an individual’s reaction to difficult situations. Ethics play a major role of testing the morals of an individual. Personal ethics are instilled by the culture, environment as well as the background in which an individual is brought up (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Family values in addition to traditional values are very important in the upbringing of a child. These values play a major role in assisting an individual develop personal ethics at a very tender age. Various personal ethics include: honesty, loyalty, punctuality, open-mindedness, self respect as well as respect for others and fairness (Marie, 2005). Hatcher (2007) states that the expression of one’s ethics is not always comprehended in the global context at large, immediate surrounding, or even among the closest family members. This is mainly as a result of the difference in the development of personal ethics. Personal ethics develop early in life through interaction with family, church, school, and other members of the general community. All these people play part in helping one mold his/her beliefs (Hatcher, 2007). Personal ethics are established through unconscious observations as well as experiences of childhood. Personal ethics narrate values that help an individual make sense of his/her life. They enable one to make moral decisions that are not inclined towards the good of an individual but to all people. An ethical person undergoes extensive internal battles, trying to figure out whether his or her actions will negatively impact on others. Personal ethics enable individuals to make decisions that are meant for the benefit of all. They act as an innate factor that enable individuals make rational and morally correct decisions (Hatcher, 2007).

We Need Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay -- embryos, moral issues

In 1981, Scientists found a way to extract embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos. Years later, in 1998, a method to extract stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in the laboratory was discovered. The main purpose was to use the cell's ability to regenerative as a method of treating diseases. As time went by, people started to oppose the idea of using embryonic stem cell for research. So, funding that helped continue research on embryos started to decrease. This conclusion came from some people considering that embryonic stem cells research was similar to killing babies. Others thought that research on adult stem cells was less controversial than research on embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cell research leads to the ethical dilemma of destroying embryonic life; therefore medical communities should continue to discover medical treatments, testing drugs, and helping prevent or cure disease with these cells. There's been many discussion on when is a child alive, is it in womb or when born? A researcher in Molecular and cellular Pharmacology has mentioned that a misuse of terminology in defining stem cells has led to an understanding. She says that the word preembryo is distinguished as a handling and the treatment of that human life less than 14 days old. But cloning proves scientifically that life begins at conception-a position to which the author and most Christians philosophically already adhere (Hollowell). â€Å"An embryo is a human being that has not been born.† So there is no real preembryo- embryo distinction and that all human life begins at conception. Moral issues kick in as to whether if its ethical to use an a human life to create treatment for others. Many cultures and Christians philosophically see... ...Nov. 2008. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. Heifetz, Aaron, Dr. "Stem Cell Technology ï ¿ ½ Delivering the Promise."  Drug Discovery World. N.p., 2011. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. Neuringer, Isabel P. "Stem Cells and Repair of Lung Injuries."  Respiratory Research. N.p., 20 July 2004. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. "NIH Stem Cell Registry."  NIH Stem Cell Registry. National Institutes of Health, 10 July 2003. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. "Public Awareness Research 2005: Stem Cells."  Public Awareness Research 2005: Stem Cells. Biotechnology Australia's Public Awareness Program, Oct. 2005. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. "Scientists and Advocates Highlight Progress in Research on Stem Cell Awareness Day."California's Stem Cell Agency. N.p., 1 Oct. 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. "Ten Problems with Embryonic Stem Cell Research."  Ten Problems with Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Kelly Hollowell, Ph.D., Feb. 2002. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.

Marine Resources

Madalena Barbosa Marine Resources – April, 2012 Index Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. b) Maximum Sustainable Yield †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 1. ) Optimal Economic Equilib rium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. e) Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 2. Different possible policies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 2. ) Total Allowable Catches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 2. b) Effort and harvest taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 1 Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: Biological growth function for the resource stock: ? = 1? ? = ? ? Graham-Schaefer production function (linear case of the Coob-Douglas production function): Profit function: Condition: Where, 0? = ? ? ? S(t): stock (biomass) of economically valuable fish at time t.E(t): Effort is an index measure of the quantity of inputs applied to the task of fishing at time t. Intrinsic growth rate of the resources stock: r = 0,8/Ye ar Natural carrying Capacity (maximum value for S): k=50. 000 tons Catchability coefficient: q = 0,0002/hour fishing Price per unit of output: p = 200â‚ ¬/ton Cost per unit of effort: c=400â‚ ¬/ hour fishing Maximum Effort per vessel: = 100 hours fishing 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest In this situation the growth in the stocks doesn’t exist so that: ? =0 = = 50. 000 1. b) Maximum Sustainable YieldIn order to calculate the values that maximize sustainable harvest for this fishery, we need to compute the harvesting function that depends on effort (Shaefer Yield Effort Curve); and after that, to maximize harvesting for effort so that we are able to compute the different sustainable values. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 2 First we substitute the Graham-Shaefer production function into the biological growth function of the stock and obtained, = 1? ? In a steady-state equilibrium = = are equally counterbalanced by the removals from the s tock through harvesting). Also and .The solution of the previous function for the steady-state level of S is: 1? = ? 1? = ? = 0, so that = (the additions to the resource stock 1? = = ? ? 1? = ? Substitute the former function in Graham-Schaefer production function to find Shaefer Yield Effort Curve: ? = = = ? 1? ? ? ? Schaefer Yield Effort Curve: This equation is quadratic in E so for high levels of effort the yield is zero. So, if the effort level is higher than the critical level, > towards extinction. ? , the yield is zero and the population will be driven Maximize Shaefer Yield Effort Curve to find the highest value of Effort that can be sustainable, 2 =0? 2 =0? = ? = = 2 ? ? = 2 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 3 To find the Maximum Sustainable Harvest level substitute Emsy in the Shaefer Yield Effort Curve, ? = ? ? 4 ? ?= 2 ? 2 ? ?= ?= 2 2 ? 4 ? ? ?= 2 ? = 4 ? To find the stock that maximizes sustainable harvest of this fishery substitute Emsy and Hmsy in Gr aham-Shaefer production function and solve it for S, = ? 4 = 2 ? 4 Note that the resource stocks at MSY is on-half of the natural carrying capacity. The solution for the maximum sustainable yield is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 2 ? = 0,8 ? 50. 000 ? 4 50. 000 = ? 2 0,8 ? 0,0002 = . 0 2 = ? = = = 2 4 ? ? = = = . . Now that we have calculated the level of effort corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield, EMSY, we can estimate the necessary equilibrium fleet, as it is the one that with the maximum effort per vessel, EMAX, equals the EMSY. = 2. 000 ? 100 ? ? = ? The equilibrium fleet under sustainable harvesting is composed of 20 identical fishing vessels. ? = = Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 4 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium To characterize the Open-Access Equilibrium we take two main assumptions: 1. The steady-state equilibrium for the biological growth function is true and 2.It is also true the steady-state equilibrium condition f or all sustainable rents. = =0 ? =0 With these two equations we have the property right condition of open-access and the social welfare optimum. That is, the comparative statics to compare the optimal open-access levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents with the social optimum levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents. Rearranging we obtain the open-access equilibrium level for the resource stock, ? = = ? ? From the steady-state equilibrium condition we can find the level of effort in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? 1? = = = ? =Rearranging for E: Substituting S for SOA: = 1? 1? ? ? ? Substituting EOA in Graham-Schaefer production function we get the harvest in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? = ? = ? ? 1? ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 5 The profits per vessel on an Open Access equilibrium are as we already stated before equal to zero, = = ? = 200 ? 6. 400 ? 400 ? 3. 200 ? Profit will be zero for each individual firm and, consequently, for all the firms competing in this market; which makes sense once we are in the situation where companies can freely enter or exiting the market (similar to perfect competition).The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = = ? = ? = ? . = 1? 1? ? ? = = , , ? , ? , ? , 1? 1? ? , ? , ? . ? ?. . = . = . 1. d) Optimal Economic Equilibrium The static, steady-state optimal economic level of effort, for the individual, that also maximizes the social welfare for society is found by computing the equation for sustainable rents and maximizing it for the Effort: = =0? = = ? ?2 ? ? =0? ? Maximizing, 2 ? ? =To solve for the static steady-state optimal economic level of the resource stock, SEFF, substitute EEFF into the equation for the resource stock with the Schaefer Yield Effort Curve, = 1? ? = 1? 2 = + 1? ? = 1 1? + 2 2 ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 6 The Optimal Economic Equilibrium’s for Harvesting can be found using the Graham-Schaefer production function by substituting EEff and SEFF found before, = ? 2 ? = 1? ? ? ? 2 + 2 ? = ? + The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 1? ? ? = ? , = + = ? ? = ? , . + 1? ? ? , ? , ? . = = . = . . Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 7 1. e)Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium In this question we are asked to compare the maximum social sustainable solutions with both solutions of the Open Access and the Optimal Economic Equilibrium, respectively. The results acquired during the former exercises are summarized in figure 1 and figure 2: 14. 000 q. E(MSY). S 12. 000 q. E(OA). S H(MSY) 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) . E(Eff). S H(Eff) 8. 000 H(OA) 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 S(OA) 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 30. 000 Fish Stock (tons) 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 S(MSY) S(Eff) G (S) q. E(OA). S Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Profit (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC NB TC (Eff) 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort.From the previous figures we can easily see that, < < The MSY policy target is the best in a social point of view. It has the highest harvest maximum for a balanced level of stock with a medium level of effort. But in an economical point of view this equilibrium doesn’t bring the best results since its rent level is lower than for the optimal economic equilibrium. The efficient solution is the one that requires less effort to capture an intermediate level of fish, keeping the highest possible level of stock.This is why, economically, efficiency is the best solution, because it will allow future gene rations to capture similar quantities once preservation of stock is taken into account and additionally getting the higher rent. Furthermore and comparing with open access and sustainable yield, this solution requires less effort which is positive for the companies involved. In the situation of open access, as there is free access to the market, competition will lead to low individual harvesting levels and significantly high levels of effort and, at the same time, the level of stocks will be the lowest. < < < < ; 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery Given that we are now in the situation of a schooling fishery, where the group of fishes is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, and we have the following access given its profit condition ( = ? ? = 200. = = conditions: ? = and 0 ? ? , we are able to compute the outcome for open ), where we already know that ? ? = ? ? = 0.It is again important to note that i) In this case, as ? =2 ? = 200 ? 2 ? 400 = 0 betwe en exploiting or not the stock available. = 0 under all values of effort, we have a situation of indifference Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 ii) Here, as abandon this market and no effort will be given ( = 0). The stock will not be exploited at all and initial stock will remain equal to final stock. iii) ? =3 ? = 200 ? 3 ? 400 = 200 ? =1 ? = 200 ? 1 ? 400 = ? 200 < 0, firms will not have any interest in fishing so they will simply Under this situation, as market, so they will apply all the effort available in order to maximize their own profits. As a result, stocks will be exploited until the end. > 0, companies have interest in competing in this Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 10 2. Different possible policiesThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) distinguishes two types of fisheries management: Incentive Blocking and Incentive Management. Regarding Incentive Blocking we can have management instruments that encoura ge effort and and harvest reductions by blocking them. For example, Total Allowable Catches (TACs), gear restrictions, like engine power limitations, limit fishing seasons, limit entry with buy-back schemes (licenses) or just increase the real cost of harvest through regulations. Incentive Adjusting pursuits to adjust the fisher incentives to make them compatible with society’s goals.In this case we are talking about taxes on effort or harvest and quotas. We will present you with some examples regarding these types of management. 2. a) Total Allowable Catches A Total Allowable Catch is a catch limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. In a derby fishery, the governments set a limit on the total allowable catch (TAC) for the year and the fishery is open on a specific date. As soon as TAC is reached, the fishery is closed for the year. The TAC is set below the overfishing level to assure that it is restrictive. Its goal is to allow the natura l resource to recover the stock levels.In this case the TAC was set below de level of harvesting for the Open-Access equilibrium at the value of 3500 tons (figure 3). 12. 000 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) 8. 000 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 Fish Stock (tons) G(S) TAC q. E(TAC). S q. E(OA). S H(OA) 30. 000 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC The TAC policy level of effort is significantly lower than the open access level. The TAC level equals Shaefer effort Yield curve in equilibrium, Solving for E: 3500 = 0,0002 ? 0. 000 ? = = ? , = ? ? ? ? , , ? ? ? . So this measure would allow the stock to recover for a level of, = , = 3500 ? 0,0002 ? 387,55 In a conservation point of view this is an effective measure, but in an economical point of view it has its issues. The tendency for fishing enterprises is to move towards an over-investment in equipment and labor in order to increase their share of the common TAC. It causes a major disruption in the seasonal pattern of a fishery as fishermen rush to obtain their share of the quota. Often vessels increase in size and add engine power both to operate with greater fishing power.In a consequence, economic conditions in the derby fishery are best at the start of a season when the fish stocks are most abundant, and steadily deteriorate as harvesting depletes the available stocks. These conditions induce a race for fish, which, in turn, results in overcapitalization (Figure 4). 2. 100. 000 Total Revenue, Total Cost and TAC level (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 1. 600. 000 1. 100. 000 600. 000 100. 000 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 -400. 000 TR Effort (hour fishing) TC p*TAC TC' E(OA) Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort.Assuming that calculate the costs of overcapitalization, c’, and understand t his behavior: = ? ? = ? = 0 and that the stock levels will vary with the imposition of the TAC we can ?= ? = = , ? = , = From the function above we can understand the volatility of this policy. With the increase in the levels of stock the price will be higher and the fishermen have the incentive to invest in fleet capital that from society’s point of view is redundant. Also, the excess fleet makes the monitoring of harvesting very difficult and the TAC limit is exceeded. 2. b) Effort and harvest taxesFish is economically overexploited under open-access regime. The market price is high enough and the harvest cost low enough to make it a commercial resource. Corrective taxes can in theory bring marginal private costs into alignment with marginal social costs. Using taxes the managers reduce the fishermen revenues or raise the real cost of fishing. The idea is to find the tax rate, on either effort or harvest, that adjusts effort to the maximum economic yield level, EEff, that s hould be as said before the level at which the sustainable rent is maximum. With an effort tax the total cost per unit of effort is, = +Where tE is the tax per unit effort (ex. : $ per trawl hour or trawl year) and TC’ is the total costs with taxes. The effect of the effort tax is to increase total costs to such a level that the TC’ curve intersects the total revenue curve for the EEff, as you can see in figure 5. The tax on the effort was found as followed, = + ? ? tE = 800 â‚ ¬/hour fishing ? 200 ? 9. 600 = 400 + ? 1. 600 ? Note that for any value of effort the total costs with taxes is greater that the total costs. The effect of an effort tax increases the slope of the total cost curve for the industry.This implies that the total revenue, TR(E), is shared between the government, as the tax collector, and the Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 13 fishing industry. The former receives the resource rent, ? Eff, and the fishers end up with the differenc e between the total revenue and the resource rent that is just enough to cover the costs of the fishers. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue and Total Cost (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TC' 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs In the case of a harvest tax, the sustainable revenue of the fishery curve is affected, as you can see in figure 6. The harvest tax would be applied to the price as it is demonstrated next, ? = ? = ? tH = 133,33 â‚ ¬/hour fishing 200 + ? 9600 = 400 ? 1. 600 ? So in this case, the net price of the fish received by the fishers is also only just enough to support the costs. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Rent (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 00 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TR' 2. 500 3 . 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. The resource rent equals the total tax revenue in both cases, = = ? ? = 133,33 ? 9. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ = 800 ? 1. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ ? ? ? ? Thus, a tax on harvest contributes to decreasing the total revenue of the industry whereas a tax on effort contributes to increasing the industry costs. This would be a very interesting measure if the resource rent would be re-distributed, for example, to the fishing community avoiding any efficiency loss.But it is very hard to get to an agreement regarding this subject so the losses are real and the measure is not efficient in an economic perspective. Also, in a social point of view this measure is very demanding since it lowers the private revenues of the fishers, a theoretical and overall poor social group. 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s The ITQ’s are an improved version of the TACâ€℠¢s policy. It allocates a specific quota to each individual (ex. : a vessel, a corporation, etc. ) consistent with property rights theory. With this kind of policy fishermen don’t need to race against each other.We will proceed with short run rights, where fishermen own a share of harvest. The quota is computed from the previous established level for TAC and the fleet capacity, in this case we are going to use the value for the necessary equilibrium fleet previously calculated, ? = 3. 500? 20 = So, each of the 20 identical fishing vessels are allowed to harvest 176 tons per fishing season. To ensure that the expected results are lasting, the quotas should be transferable. There has to be a quota market to ensure that at any time the most cost-effective fisher does the fishing. If = 0, ? As St varies l will be adjusted and the quota market prices established. In a successful Optimal Economic managed fishery, resource rent per unit of effort would be: = ? 1. 280. 000 = 800â‚ ¬ 1.600 And the resource rent per unit of harvest would be: = ? ? These two prices indicate the equilibrium prices of effort and harvest quotas. The quotas market correct incentives for each boat to maximize its rent and to harvest with minimum costs, removing the incentives to over capitalization. So, in a conservation point of view and in economic terms ITQ’s are the best policy measure. . 280. 000 = 133,3â‚ ¬ 9. 600 ? 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s ITQ’s are the best option as they are efficient both in a conservation point of view as in economic terms. Also, it’s the only measure that aligns the interests of the fishermen, the biologists and the governments. ITQ’s has several advantages like being efficient, as said before, it improves safety, as fishermen don’t need to rush to sea under bad weather conditions, improves the quality for consumer by spreading the fishing season and it incentives for mutual en forcement control.But all of its potential can be wasted if a good monitoring system is not assured. Comparing to a blocking measure, like TAC, its property rights condition correct what it was flawed with the previous policy. Now the fishermen have exclusive rights to a fishery resource, not having to expend effort until profits are zero and, consequently dissipating all the potential rents that the fishery resource could have generated. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2

Democracy And The American Dream - 1358 Words

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