greek philosophy Essay - 984 Words

Greek Religion is the beginning to Greek philosophy and the beginning to many great philosophers. The lack of stimulation that Greek religion is the main reason why the study of philosophy became so popular in Greek culture. Philosophy of religion was studied because people like Socrates did not understand why things were and why they had to be only that way. The lack of religion is what led to people and philosophers questioning the ethical choices people followed. Philosophy is a study of beliefs and knowledge by a group or an individual; the study of philosophy according to Socrates was supposed to lead man with knowledge that equaled virtue that eventually led to happiness. Philosophy was a way of living back in Greek culture. There†¦show more content†¦These sophists were paid teachers of the Greek culture to the polis. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates was one of the most important philosophers of his time. He was a man that stood up for what he believed in and he did for that cause. He questions politics and faith when no one else wanted too and it got him in trouble but he felt an unexamined life was not worth anything because there was no fault. A life that was not question was a life that was just lived with out and theory or question to why things are they way they are and how did they become that way. Socrates wanted men to examine what they were living for and why they became that person. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With the popularity of Socrates a young man named Plato joined his followings and became his apprentice in a sense. Plato stayed with Socrates up till his death. Plato soon became the creator of metaphysics. Metaphysics was the idea that there are absolute goods and absolute truths which are only known to some men that were educated by the right people and if they are absolute with themselves they will live by The Republic. The Republic was the study of Plato’s ideas, in this doctrine Plato says that: earthly life is corruptible and that man must try to understand the realm of ideas, the realm of these ideas are spiritual so one must also prepare for the afterlife. One can say that Plato was hinting to what would become Christian tradition. In aShow MoreRelatedGreek Philosophy And The Greek Creation1593 Words   |  7 Pages The word â€Å"philosophy†, comes from the Ancient Greek word (Phileo), meaning â€Å"to love† or â€Å"to befriend† and (Sophia), meaning â€Å"wisdom†; making philosophy stand for â€Å"the love of wisdom†. Philosophy is about understanding the fundamental truths about ourselves, the world in which we live in, and our relationships to the world and amongst each other. It is the study of general problems connected with existence, values, language, and mind. Those who study philosophy (philosophers), engage in askingRead MoreGreek And Classical Greek Philosophy997 Words   |  4 Pages Classical Greek Philosophy A philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, esp. when considered as an academic discipline. Greece was divided into several city-states, which ran separately and independent from each other. However, they shared commonalities, such as common ancestry, language, and festivals. Foreigners were all considered barbarians to the Greek. Greek Culture is reflected in today s Society in many ways. These ways include mathematicsRead MoreGreek Philosophy : The And The Sophists1167 Words   |  5 PagesDevyn K. Smith Greek Philosophy Henry Schuurman I.D Number:130010 Mailbox Number: 621 Protagoras and the Sophists Throughout the history of the world, philosophy has been at the forefront of the human search for knowledge, but there is no other philosophy like ancient Greek philosophy. Ancient Greek philosophy roughly began in the sixth century BCE and continued on up until ancient Greece became apart of the Roman Empire. The great Greek philosophers of the time, like Plato, Socrates, and AristotleRead MoreEssay on Greek Philosophy673 Words   |  3 PagesGreek Philosophy Philosophy, the use of reason and argument in seeking truth and knowledge of reality. Throughout history man has searched for the origins of his existence, both on an outward and inward level, seeking truth and understanding of his world. The first culture to actively explore this idea of philosophy was the Greeks. Because their civilization placed less emphasis on religion and the masses didnt have to constantly answer to religious figures man had time to explore other thingsRead MoreAncient Greek Philosophy -Paper776 Words   |  4 PagesLovers of Wisdom Ancient Greek philosophy arouse in the 6th century BCE, some claim that Greek Philosophy was influenced by the older wisdom literature and mythological cosmogonies of the Ancient Greek Near East. Greeks had confidence in the power of the mind Greeks used observation and reason to determine why things happened, they opened up a new way of looking at human existence. During the time of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle it was a crime to investigate the things above the heavensRead MoreThe Golden Age Of Greek Philosophy947 Words   |  4 Pageshuman beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems. The Golden Age of Greek philosophy is the antecedents of humanism. It is nothing like todays humanism but has the same characteristics. Society’s in the Greek world had become increasingly intricate and they also developed new ways of solving problems, having doubts about Greek philosophy. This new thinking did not abandon religion in essence but was establishing passion to follow science, intelligenceRead MorePsychology in Greek Philosophy, Paragraphs1403 Words   |  6 Pagesclassical Greek philosopher who devoted his life and work to searching for moral good, virtue, and justice. He developed a method of seeking knowledge by question and answer called dialectics. He used this technique to teach individuals about their own ignorance, so as to become more self-aware (Leahey, 20 13). Based on this information, I believe Socrates would fit the archetype of the teacher. According to Larson (2002), the archetype of the teacher has its origins in Greek philosophy. This isRead MoreEssay on Great Religions And Philosophies. : Greek Philosophy.904 Words   |  4 Pages Great Religions and Philosophies. : Greek Philosophy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the 6th century B.C, there began a dualism in Greek Philosophy. The development of Greek Philosophy became a compromise between Greek monistic and oriental influences, in other words, a combination of intellectualism and mysticism. Thus began the pre-Socratic philosophy. The interests of pre- Socratic philosophers were centered on the world that surrounds man, the Cosmos. This was during the time of great internalRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Moderation in Greek Philosophy1842 Words   |  8 Pages Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, once said that all men possess by nature a craving for knowledge. This idea has been explored for thousands of years within various cultures throughout the world. Within Aristotles own culture, many greek myths were developed that pondered the idea of the constant search for knowledge. One of the most famous perhaps is the myth of Daedalus and Icarus. This myth tells the classic story of a man, Daedalus, who wishes to escape the island of Crete withRead MoreGreek Philosophies Impact On The Early Development Of Christian Thought1348 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity belief is seen more as a theology while Greek thinking or Hellenism is seen more as a philosophy. All theologists are philosophers but not all philosophers are theologists. Greek philosophies had great impact on the early development of Christ ian thought. Much of the elements in the early Greek philosopher’s theories regarding the soul, creation, and salvation were reflected in the development of early Christian thought. The Greeks were tenacious in asking why and how questions concerning

Income Tax Tax And Tax Essay - 1599 Words

Income tax Liability method is used to executive the income tax process for a transportation company. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are being accomplished for upcoming tax consequences. It is attributed to distinct financial statement carrying values of current assets and liabilities and respective tax basis as well as operating loss as well tax credit could be carried forward. The temporary differences or expected to be settled or recovered by using enacted tax rates and being measured in deferred tax assets and liabilities to comply taxable income in the years. The changes on deferred tax assets and liabilities were effected in tax rates, which would be accomplished as income, or expense includes enactment date at the time of period. Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets are recorded to the extent which these assets not be realized by reversal of current taxable of difference or forecasted taxable income or tax planning strategy. In the console interest and penalties of uncertain tax, positions are derived as interest expense upon audit and record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits are considered to be unsustainable when the benefits of tax positions obtained on tax returns. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ORGANIZATION STRATEGY: Business development: Hunt followed Paul Bergant and bought 24 trucks and Interstate Commerce Commission license covering 33 states to expand his business. Later, Bergant has become the chief legal counsel and theShow MoreRelatedIncome Tax And Tax Rates907 Words   |  4 PagesIncome Tax As the name implies income tax is a percentage of a person’s income but it is not quite as simple as the percentage changes depending on how much you earn on average in a year (See Figure 1) ergo if you make more money you pay a larger amount of income tax, however most people get a ‘Personal Allowance’ of  £10,000 a year which you don’t pay tax on therefore if you don’t earn more than this amount you aren’t required to pay any form of income tax. There are certain forms of income whichRead MoreIncome Tax1679 Words   |  7 Pages | |IAS 12 INCOME TAXES | |HISTORY OF IAS 12 | |April 1978 |Exposure Draft E13 Accounting for Taxes on Income | |July 1979 |IAS 12 Accounting for Taxes on Income Read MoreIncome Tax1863 Words   |  8 PagesIncome Tax Law Income Tax Law and the National Budget 2010-2011 Md. Abdur Rashid, FCMA B.Com. (Hons.), M.Com., DAIBB, LLB, FCMA Income Tax Law explain changes in tax struc-ure of an economy over time under t the impact of economic development and of political and social factors. Tax structure is affected by economic development in three ways: (a) tax base undergoes a change as the develop- ental process m proceeds; (b) change in the tax base brings about changes in the revenue system: andRead MoreCorporate Tax And Corporate Income Tax1450 Words   |  6 Pagesbe corporate income tax, as it acts as a â€Å"user fee† for the â€Å"special privileges† (Rosen, Ch 19) corporations receive. The corporate income tax is a separate tax on corporate income, in which varies in a bracket between ten percent and thirty five percent. The effective corporate income tax rate is estimated at thirty two percent, and eighteen percent for non-corporations. Workers compensation, labor expenses, interest payments, and depreciation are tax deductible from taxable income. Since corporationsRead MoreTaxation Of National Tax Sovereign ty For Income Tax2519 Words   |  11 PagesIn this essay, the issues for taxation of national tax sovereignty for income tax, corporation tax, value added tax and excise duties are discussed as well as an opinion as to whether sovereign nations should compete or co-operate on matters of tax policy. Sovereign nations have different tax rates and they tend to change with each tax year. The issues of direct and indirect taxes are numerous and this essay will discuss two major aspects of each using the recent issue of Scotland’s independenceRead MoreReplacing the Income Tax With the Flat Tax Essay2329 Words   |  10 Pagesdo not pay any income taxes (McCullagh 1)? This is roughly 65.6 million people that arent paying taxes and this is putting our economy and country at its breaking point. Our current tax system penalizes those that work and save money. People that pay no taxes still get to enjoy the benefits. The United States needs to look at which tax is fairer to the people and easier to administer by the government. Although some may disagree, the Flat Tax should replace the income tax to simplify andRead MoreTax Structure : A Progressive Income Tax System1124 Words   |  5 PagesTax Structure A progressive income tax system is what most countries have adopted for taxation purposes. It appears as if this is the most suitable method as rates increase more to those who can afford to pay them. As taxes continue to increase, more and more people start talking about viable options that would benefit bottom line taxpayers. An option that has been proposed by some is the idea of having a flat rate that in theory would eliminate the concept of inequality by taxing everyone and everythingRead MoreIncome Tax Essay1891 Words   |  8 PagesTITLE PAGE INCOME TAX Assessment - Report writing NAME: xxxx xxxx STUDENT NUMBER: xxxxxx HND Accounting TUTOR: xxxx xxxx DATE: April 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to thank my tutor, xxxx xxxx for the valuable advice and support given to me to enable me to write my report. INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this report is to fully evaluate Katy’s situation by providing detailed information about the different issues regarding employment and self-employment to enable her to determineRead MoreTax Taxes And Income Taxes1779 Words   |  8 Pages Everyone gets frustrated with income taxes and everyone complains that they are paying more than enough, but who really pays more in federal income taxes? Having a progressive tax system; meaning that the more money you earn, the more you will have to pay in taxes; would lead to the rich paying for most of the taxes and not the poor. Unfortunately, many people do not realize some of the problems with the tax system itself that offsets the balance as well as the results when it comes to taxesRead MoreThe Income Tax Assessment Act Essay1857 Words   |  8 Pagescontained within the ‘Income Tax Assessment Act’ (ITAA) 1936 and 1997. Income is comprised of ordinary and statutory income. Ordinary income is define d by the ITAA97 as income derived from personal exertion (i.e. salary or wages), property (i.e. rent, dividends or interest) and income derived from carrying on a business (i.e. rental sales, farming)1. Statutory income is defined as amounts outside the ordinary concepts that have been specifically included in assessable income (i.e. capital gains, royalties

Organizational Behavior NU Hospital in Singapore

Question: 1. Define values and explain how they influence behaviour. Relate to your current work place, state how this OB concept is important at your workplace, particularly for your current job?2. Identify three (3) dominant work values that are important for healthcare organisations such as the NU Hospital in Singapore? Answer: Values and Importance of OB in Organization Attitude: A state of mind is a representation of help or disrespect to an individual, place, thing, or occasion. The interesting thing around a mindset and people is that it changes in every individual. Everyone has a substitute attitude towards differing things. The more one inclination something or some individual, and the more one is prepared to open up and recognize. Confidence: The trust gets manifestations of religion, rationality, society, and individual conviction and regularly influences the way a person can act. It is common for something that assumes such a substantial part of the public eye to have an impact on human behavior. Morals are an alternate variable of center confidence that influences the way an individual carries on. Creativity: Innovativeness is thought to be exhibit inside every individual. Without imaginative personalities, we would not live in a current world like today. Inventiveness pushes individuals past their safe place. Social values: Social norms, the frequently implicit principles of a social event, shape our practices and in addition our air. A solitary's behaviors movements are depending on the group(s) they are a bit of, a sound for society that allows to guidelines overwhelmingly influence society. Without social standards, human society would not act as it at this moment does; individuals would need to be more hypothetical in their behavior, as there would not be a pretested" "average" organized lifestyle, and individuals would need to get on numerous more decisions for themselves. The Importance of OB to My Current workplace OB in the organization is essential in that it instill an attitude of integrity, respect, organization, etiquette, and hard work. It is concerned with portraying, understanding, anticipating, and controlling human direct in a foundation. The field is particularly concerned with social affair movement, how individuals relate to and partake in get-togethers, how organization is worked out, how affiliations limit, and how change is effected in definitive planning. 2. The important work values necessary for a health organization Confidence It is the focusing on inconceivable thing, organization, and diverse exercises that impact exists inside and outside the affiliation. It calls for a health employee to be the responsibility to work. It calls for discharging of services even during the odd hours. Going to the subtle elements of your occupation exhibits responsibility to the work environment society. For instance, being reliable and arranged when at work, regarding working environment property and approaches or going to gatherings when expected demonstrates that you can deal with occupation commitments. Regarding office tenets viewing such things as clothing standard, individual telephone utilization or office sentiments shows development and demonstrable skill. An excess of breaches of work environment rudiments can undermine your believability when your dedication needs to sparkle. Going past essentials by putting in additional hours, taking up others' slack and conveying another administration to others demonstrates authority level devotion. Striving for client loyalty demonstrates your dedication to your superintendent's targets. Regardless of the fact that your employment doesn't include cooperating with customers straightforwardly, your occupation assumes a part in keeping your association's customer base dependable and developing. Taking care of each undertaking with the thought new in the psyche that the work sways clients, organization benefits, and your paycheck might likewise support your pride in your work and lead to enhanced occupation execution. Achievement It is the act of endeavoring to get the best outcome in any task. Achievement prompts compelling connections in an association. At the point when specialists are fair about the different parts of their employments that need change, managers can make a move and help. Head honchos that are open to organization strategies and changes that influence the association are more dependable from the workers' point of view. Privacy is a prime case of achievement in the working environment. It is likewise a lawful need. Superintendents have a commitment to keep certain data private. Infringement of security arrangements could prompt fines, punishments, and conceivable claims. Privacy imparts the trust and empowers earnest thought of the safety of others. Self-Reliance The businesses and representatives can show self-reliance in the working environment through showing others how it get done. At the point when people show others how it gets done, they set the establishment for suitable work environment conduct. Showing others how it's done enhances individual mindfulness, affect the ability to others and responsibility which are all essential for moral behavior and self-reliance. References Tanggaard, L. (2013). The sociomateriality of creativity in everyday life. (pp. 20-21)Anholt, Robert R. H.; Mackay, Trudy F. C. (2010). Principles of behavioral genetics. AcademicPress. ISBN 978-0-12-372575-2Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. AnnualReview of Psychology, 58, 345.

Johnny CashS Song Mercy Seat Essays - The Mercy Seat,

Johnny Cash'S Song ?Mercy Seat Johnny Cashs song Mercy Seat is a first person narrative. The listener assumes that a prison chaplain has ministered to the man. And the man was probably in possession of a Bible that was probably given to him by the chaplain It is a song that is sung by a man who is being executed in the electric chair. The idea of Jesus starts in the first verse: I began to warm and chill To objects and their fields A ragged cup, a twisted mop The face of Jesus in my soup The second verse contains more of the mans thoughts: I here stories from the chamber, how Christ was born into a manger and like some ragged stranger died upon the cross, and might I say it seems so fitting in its way He was a carpenter by trade, or at least thats what Im told. The man is contemplating the fact that Jesus was a carpenter, and he was executed on a wooden cross. The man knows that he is about to be executed in a wooden chair. The man is seemingly making a far-fetched comparison between his death on a wooden chair and Jesus on a wooden cross. Perhaps, he finds it comforting to know that The song is a juxtaposition of two ideasthat of a man sitting on an electric chair and that of seat that sat on top of the Ark. In Exodus 25 God tells Moses to put the mercy seat on top of the Ark: You shall put the mercy seat on the top of the ark; and in the ark you should put the covenant that I shall give you. There I will meet with you, and from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim that are on the Ark of the Covenant, I will deliver to you all my commands for the Israelites. (Exodus 25:21-22). This verse explains much about the meaning of the song. In the third verse the subject switches to the seat in which God sits on: In heaven His throne is made of gold, The Ark of His testament is Stowed, A thrown from which Im told all History does unfold, down here its made of wood and wire, and my body is on fire and God is never far away. The man obviously doesnt want to die. However, like the mercy seat from Exodus, he desires it to be a place where God will come to him. He wants God to come and show him mercy. Religion Essays

Causes Of The American Revolution Essays (1502 words) -

Causes Of The American Revolution CHAPTER 2, Q1: What are the decisive events and arguments that produced the American Revolution? It was the best of times, it was the worst of times (Charles Dickens). This best describes the Americas in the 1700's. The settler's went through the best of times from obtaining religious freedom, to becoming prosperous merchants, and finally to establishing a more democratic government. However, it was the worst of times in the sense that the settlers in the America's were taken advantage of my their mother country, England. The hatred of being under another's control was one of the main reason's that led to the American Revolution. In the 1600's, England began to colonize America. King James I had urged those against the Church of England, such as the Puritans, to settle in America. Many settlers came to America to obtain religious freedom. Merchants settle din America to profit off the land since land was free or cheap at the time. Settling in America gave people hopes and dreams that they can do something with their lives. Even indentured servants had the hope of someday owning land as soon as they were done with their service. It was unlikely but they had hope. The Atlantic Ocean made communications hard between England and the colonies. Because of the difficulties in communication, the colonists developed an independent spirit. Harvard College allowed most Americans to read protests against British injustice printed in papers, pamphlets, and books. The college provided education and writings of Greek philosophers such at John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The ideas of these Greek philosophers that men were created equal dwelled in these colonists mind. England expected the American Colonies to serve it's economic interests, and it regulated colonial trade. In general, the colonists accepted British regulations. For example, they agreed not to manufacture goods that would compete with British products. Things began to change in the 1700's. England had largely neglected the administration of the American Colonies while it fought France in a series of wars during the 1700's. But after the French and Indian War ended, the British government sought to tighten it's control over the colonies in fear that the colonies have gotten too powerful. The treaty of 1763 ending this war made England master of Canada and of the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. The chief motive had been nation advantage: but as one of the results the 13 colonies might now live in peace. George Grenville, Britain's prime minister in 1763, did not concede that the colonists had any political rights. He now sough ways to make the colonies most profitable to England at the least expense. Settlers were pouring into the Ohio Valley, and land speculators were busy with schemes for opening the country won at so great a sacrifice from the French. Such activity excited the worst fears of the Indians. That year, a great chieftain, Pontiac united the tribes and led them in a series of destructive raids on the advancing frontier. Britain feared a long and bloody Indian war, which it could not afford. To quiet the Indians, England issued the Proclamation of 1763. This decree prohibited settlers from buying lands beyond a line that ran through the sources of the rivers flowing into the Atlantic. England, it seemed, meant to favor the Indians and the fur traders. It would do so at the expense of the pioneer, the land speculator, and the colony whose charter gave it a claim to a section of the interior extending westward to the Mississippi River. But the settlements east of the Proclamation Line were not to be neglected. For their defense England decided to station a large army o n the frontier. England decreed that the colonies should contribute toward the expense of this protection by paying taxes imposed by Parliament. The Americans having been accustomed to self-government, strongly resisted the new laws, especially tax laws. The Sugar Act placed a three-penny tax on each gallon of molasses entering the colonies from ports outside the British Empire. Several Northern colonies had thriving run industries that depended on imported molasses. Run producers angrily protested that tax would eat up their profits. The

buy custom Essay on Man essay

buy custom Essay on Man essay Introduction An Essay on Man is a philosophical poem that entails four epistle verses with each published independently and incognito in the period ranging 1733 February and January 1734 by a bookseller. Pope later on manufactured the intricate trick partly to smoothen out the resentment provoked his earlier satires, particularly The Dunciad (1728) and Burlington epistle(1731) (Pope pg 66) .Pope ultimately acknowledged himself as the author when he brought together the epistles in the description The first book of Ethic Epistles. The poem tackles the query of human personality and the prospect for happiness relative to the universe, political and social hierarchies and the person. The poem utilizes a majestic oratical style to articulate the eighteenth-century buoyancy values and this underscores its point of view with an array of conventional techniques. However as time proceeds, critics view the popes poem as being fundamentally imperfect, both philosophically and aesthetically. Almost three ce nturies after its publication, the poem is valued distinction. Plot and character Bolingbroke retired in 1723 to Dawley, a farm adjoining the popes Twickenham after being formerly acquainted with th pope by reciprocated association with Jonathan Swift. He quickly made friends with the poet, whose personal viewpoints efficiently corresponded with his own. The poem has been diced into four different sections each explicating the common place ideas that took place in the eighteenth centaury (Pope Pg 45). The plot was developed from the European intellectuals who were out to criticize the humanity role and the human nature in this universe. The epistles in the poem are majored upon the premise going further to describe possible improvements to the aspects of society and human nature bringing out the implicit understanding of the current universe to be essentially perfect and divinely ordered. The following epistle focuses on the uniqueness of humans and tries to indicate the psychological balance that exist between emotions and self interest under the virtuous guidanc e of living. The next epistle talks about the individual role in the society in trying to trace the origins of caviling institutions. The last epistle covers the struggles between the love for others and self love in relation to the search for happiness. Themes The major themes standing out in this poem is the operation of the universe and the human role in it. The government capacity in the establishment and promottion of happiness to its citizens also is brought out. The poem can be considered as the Popes most thorough statement of his ethical, philosophical and political principles. The implication of the poem assumes that Christians notions are regarded as lost paradise, fallen man and a beneficent deity. Through the poem, an eclectic assortment of the current and traditional philosophical ideas that try to explain the universal human kind characteristics is achieved. The main theme of this poem is the idea that there is an ordered universe that has a coherent structure and at the same time operates in a rational way that is in accordance to the natural laws which were designed by God (Pope, pg 56). Critics As soon as the poem was published, it received a popular response and initial critic all over England. The response was echoed all over Europe and has been passed on over the following decades. However, the early appeal of the poem resulted to a controversy that was inspired by a community of clergymen and metaphysicians who were few but vocal (Pope, pg 62). The critics were on the poems values not considering its themes and were termed as being essentially poetic but not in means coherently philosophical. Buy custom Essay on Man essay

Chapter 7 Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chapter 7 - Literature review Example Utilizing theoretical and experimental methods, a uniform mathematical model was arrived at that could be applied to small parts of the overall drive cycle to predict fuel consumption without any need for physical testing. The primary objectives of this study were to determine engine speed and engine torque. In addition to the primary objectives, a number of different input and output parameters need to be determined to ensure that the engine is operating within safe limits and optimally. Secondary parameters that required determination and control during testing included (but were not limited to): Measurement of the parameters listed above was done using automated means in order to enhance accuracy (Gitano-Briggs, 2008, p.40). Moreover, this allowed real time monitoring of equipment to perform adjustments online. The primary aim of this research was to examine the fuel consumption of passenger vehicles based on a standardized driving cycle. In addition, this research aimed to explore the development of a mathematical model that could be used to predict the fuel consumption of passenger vehicles. The current research was able to meet its objectives in large part. Laboratory and real life driving provided significant findings on fuel consumption of passenger vehicles. A mathematical model was developed based on the NEDC driving cycle that was validated for most testing regimes in the driving cycle. However, the current mathematical model has certain limitations in the NEDC driving cycle and is also limited for other standard driving cycles. The current research provides a mathematical model for validating fuel consumption over the NEDC driving cycle under urban and extra urban driving conditions. Additionally, laboratory testing of engines was carried out in order to determine operating parameters. Laboratory testing was done through a generator type dynamometer based on engine torque testing. The mathematical